English language institute in Greece: A business proposal

The aim of this project is to propose a model for a private English language school in Greece with an emphasis on English for business purposes

The Otherness of the Familiar: Witchcraft, Land Use Policies, and Husbandry Manuals in Early Modern England

Witchcraft familiars have a long and varied interpretive history. This article suggests the connection of the familiar tradition in England to two prevalent social developments during the period: changing land use policies and the development of husbandry manuals that emphasize how one ought to take care of a household. First, English land policies were undergoing significant change during this period as normal relations between farmers and lords had begun to change with the increased use of enclosures, engrossing, privatization, and mensuration of land. Land was becoming a resource that could be exactly measured, demarcated, plotted, mapped, and redistributed as the increasing number of surveyors, surveyor manuals, and calls by Elizabeth I to reorder and consolidate weights and measurements show. Second, good husbandry manuals proliferated from the early 1500s into the 1640s, which not only affirmed traditional hierarchies with nobility at the top, but also offered “sage” advice on proper gender roles to best manage a household to be economically viable. The English familiar tradition substantively violates both, and the familiar tradition can be explained through the lens of these dual social conflicts that play out in an “othered” space of witchcraft